1. QNA FOR MICROWAVE


  3. What's the frequency range of E band and traditional?

    The E band, or millimeter-wave band, typically ranges from 60 GHz to 90 GHz. Traditional microwave frequency bands are commonly categorized into various bands such as C band (4 GHz to 8 GHz), X band (8 GHz to 12 GHz), Ku band (12 GHz to 18 GHz), and Ka band (26.5 GHz to 40 GHz).


  5. Can you explain XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Cancellation) technology?

    XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Cancellation) is a technology that involves transmitting two signals with orthogonal polarizations on the same frequency. By doing so, it helps reduce interference between signals and improves overall communication reliability and capacity.


  7. What's the difference between FD (Frequency Division) and SD (Space Division)?

    FD (Frequency Division) involves dividing the available frequency spectrum into multiple channels, each assigned to a specific communication link. SD (Space Division) refers to using physically separate paths, like different antennas or spatial streams, for communication.


  9. State the OSPf area types?

    OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) area types include Standard Area (Area 0), Stub Area, Totally Stubby Area, Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA), and Totally NSSA.

  10. What's the L2 loop prevention mechanism used in microwave links?

    L2 loop prevention mechanisms in microwave links often involve protocols like Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to prevent loops in Layer 2 networks.


  12. Have you heard of radio link bonding technology? Let's discuss it!

    Radio link bonding technology combines multiple radio links to enhance bandwidth and reliability.


  14. Can you draw an STM-1 frame and calculate its data rate?

    The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level-1) frame has a payload rate of 155.52 Mbps and consists of 9 rows, each containing 270 columns.


  16. What's the difference between inband and outband DCN (Data Communication Network)?

    Inband DCN refers to using the same communication channel for both user data and network management information, while outband DCN uses a separate channel for network management.


  18. How many E1 time slots are there, and what's their data rate?

    An E1 link has 32 time slots, and each time slot has a data rate of 64 kbps, resulting in an overall E1 data rate of 2.048 Mbps.


  20. What's the purpose of a management VLAN?

    A management VLAN is a dedicated VLAN used for network management traffic, ensuring separation from regular user data traffic.


  22. Why do we use the PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)?

    PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is used for establishing a direct connection between two network nodes and is commonly used in various communication links.


  24. What tools are used for link alignment in microwave transmission?

    Tools for link alignment in microwave transmission include spectrum analyzers, signal generators, and antenna alignment tools.


  26. Let's explore the deployment requirements for a MIMO 4x4 microwave link.

    MIMO 4x4 (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) in microwave links involves using four transmit and four receive antennas to enhance communication performance.


  28. Differentiate between PLA, EPLA, and EPLA+ in microwave transmission.

    PLA (Power Level Alignment), EPLA (Enhanced Power Level Alignment), and EPLA+ are alignment techniques in microwave transmission to optimize power levels between links.


  30. Explain the theory behind adaptive modulation.

    Adaptive modulation adjusts modulation schemes based on channel conditions to optimize data transmission rates and reliability.


  32. What are the types of power control mechanisms in microwave links?

    Power control mechanisms in microwave links include automatic transmit power control (ATPC) and automatic receive level control (ARLC).


  34. How can we eliminate multipath fading in microwave transmission?

    Multipath fading in microwave transmission can be mitigated using diversity techniques like space diversity or frequency diversity.


  36. Do you know how to calculate free space loss?

    Free space loss can be calculated using the Friis transmission equation, which considers the wavelength and distance between antennas.


  38. Compare single carrier and dual carrier modems in microwave transmission.

    Single carrier modems transmit data on one frequency, while dual carrier modems use two frequencies simultaneously to enhance capacity.


  40. What function does an RAU (Radio Access Unit) serve?

    RAU (Radio Access Unit) serves as an interface between the microwave transmission system and the radio access network.


  42. Why do we use waveguides in microwave transmission?

    Waveguides in microwave transmission are used to guide and direct electromagnetic waves between antennas, providing low signal loss.


  44. Differentiate between OMT (Orthomode Transducer) and coupler.

    OMT (Orthomode Transducer) and couplers serve different functions; OMT separates signals of different polarizations, while couplers combine or split signals.


  46. State the types of power splitters used in microwave transmission.

    Power splitters in microwave transmission include Wilkinson power dividers and hybrid couplers.


  48. Explain the difference between all indoor and all outdoor links.

    All indoor links and all outdoor links refer to the deployment environment of microwave equipment, with all indoor links installed within buildings and all outdoor links deployed outside.


  50. What sets SNCp and 1+1 HSB apart in terms of protection?

    SNCp (Sub-Network Connection Protection) and 1+1 HSB (Hot Standby) provide protection mechanisms in microwave links, with SNCp offering sub-network protection and 1+1 HSB providing hot standby protection.


  52. How many antennas are used in a 1+1 FD solution?

    A 1+1 FD (Frequency Diversity) solution typically involves two antennas for diversity, enhancing link reliability.


  54. Have you come across WTR (Waiting Time to Restore) in microwave transmission?

    Waiting Time to Restore (WTR) in microwave transmission refers to the time it takes for a system to recover after a fault or failure.


  56. Compare the revertive and non-revertive modes of protection.

    Revertive protection modes return to the primary path after a fault is resolved, while non-revertive modes require manual intervention to switch back.


  58. What's the switching time for protection switching in microwave links?

    The switching time for protection switching in microwave links depends on the specific protection mechanism used and the network configuration.


  60. Can you name the types of microwave antennas?

    Types of microwave antennas include parabolic dish antennas, horn antennas, and patch antennas.


  62. What's the relationship between modulation order, BER and capacity of Link?

    Modulation order, Bit Error Rate (BER), and capacity are interrelated in communication links, where higher modulation orders can increase data capacity but may also lead to higher BER.


  64. What's the meaning of ES, SES, UAS?

    ES (Errored Seconds), SES (Severely Errored Seconds), and UAS (Unavailable Seconds) are performance metrics used to measure the quality of a digital communication link.


  66. What are the types of loops in microwave Links?

    Types of loops in microwave links include RF loops, IF (Intermediate Frequency) loops, and data loops, which can affect the performance of the communication system.

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